Natural products that alleviate Alzheimer’s disease
Natural product | Composition | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Therapeutic phytochemicals | |||
Red ginseng | Ginsenoside | Regulating neuroinflammatory pathways Reducing inflammatory factors and APP expression Inhibiting the aggregation of Aβ and tau proteins |
(22-25) |
Flavonoids, terpenoids, organic acids |
Regulating the balance of gut microbiota | (26,27) | |
Green tea ( |
Tea polyphenols, caffeine, theanine |
Penetrating the brain-blood barrier Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase Improving memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation Regulating hippocampal synaptic efficacy through the dopamine D1/5-PKA pathway |
(29-31) |
Berberine | Suppressing the production of IL-6 and MCP-1 Downregulating the expression of COX-2 and NOS Inhibiting the activity of BACE-1 |
(34-37) | |
Therapeutic marine chemicals | |||
DHA/EPA (omega-3) | DHA/EPA | Decreasing the levels of arachidonic acid Increasing the levels of several signaling factor related to synaptic function Increasing dendrites and synapses Improving hippocampal neurogenesis |
(40,42) |
Seaweed | LXR-activating (oxy)phytosterol, PPAR-activating fatty acid |
Enhancing cholesterol efflux Transcriptional inhibiting of inflammatory transcription factors |
(50-52) |
Algae | Polyphenols, polysaccharides, sterols | Inhibiting AChE and BChE, antioxidant activity Protecting the mitochondrial membrane potential Inhibiting α-synuclein and tau protein aggregation Improving the formation of Aβ peptide aggregates |
(54,55) |
Marine sponges | Pyridoacridine alkaloid | Inhibiting AChE activity | (56-58) |
APP, amyloid precursor protein; Aβ, amyloid beta; IL-6, interleukin-6; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; BACE-1, beta-site APP cleaving enzyme-1; LXR, liver X receptor; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; BChE, butyrylcholinesterase.