Biomedical Science Letters

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Table. 1.

General characteristics of participants

Variable Total (n = 1,863) Male (n = 840) Female (n = 1,023) P-value
Age (y) 52.6 ± 0.7 52.3 ± 0.8 52.9 ± 0.7 0.378
Education level <0.001**
College or higher 895 (48.2) 446 (53.3) 449 (43.9)
High school 470 (26.5) 233 (28.4) 237 (25.0)
Middle school 192 (10.2) 82 (8.7) 110 (11.5)
Elementary school or lower 306 (15.1) 79 (9.6) 227 (19.6)
Current smoking status <0.001**
Current 296 (16.7) 260 (32.5) 36 (3.8)
Non-current 1,567 (83.3) 580 (67.5) 987 (96.2)
Household PM2.5 (μg/m3) 17.1 ± 0.8 18.2 ± 1.0 15.9 ± 0.7 0.004*
Atmospheric PM2.5 (μg/m3) 18.1 ± 0.8 17.9 ± 0.9 18.2 ± 0.8 0.560
Floor level (floor) 5.8 ± 0.3 5.7 ± 0.3 5.9 ± 0.3 0.098
Residential floor area (m2) 91.4 ± 2.4 90.2 ± 2.4 92.5 ± 2.5 0.074
Recent home repair 0.615
Yes 151 (8.7) 69 (8.4) 82 (8.9)
No 1,712 (91.3) 771 (91.6) 941 (91.1)
Presence of pet 0.006*
Yes 231 (11.7) 94 (9.8) 137 (13.3)
No 1,632 (88.3) 746 (90.2) 886 (86.7)
House cleaning 0.563
Yes 1,850 (99.4) 834 (99.5) 1,016 (99.3)
No 13 (0.6) 6 (0.5) 7 (0.7)
Use of insecticide 0.185
Yes 755 (42.6) 326 (41.3) 429 (43.7)
No 1,108 (57.4) 514 (58.7) 594 (56.3)
Use of air freshener 0.062
Yes 819 (45.2) 358 (43.4) 461 (46.7)
No 1,044 (54.8) 482 (56.6) 562 (53.3)
Use of air purifier 0.067
Yes 811 (44.7) 350 (42.8) 461 (46.2)
No 1,052 (55.3) 490 (57.2) 562 (53.8)
Use of humidifier 0.204
Yes 467 (25.2) 217 (26.3) 250 (24.3)
No 1,396 (74.8) 623 (73.7) 773 (75.7)
Cooking activity status 0.003*
Yes 1,844 (98.9) 827 (98.3) 1,017 (99.5)
No 19 (1.1) 13 (1.7) 6 (0.5)
Living room-kitchen separation 0.823
Yes 225 (11.1) 97 (11.0) 128 (11.3)
No 1,638 (88.9) 743 (89.0) 895 (88.7)
Window opening or closing status 0.226
Yes 856 (46.1) 376 (45.0) 480 (47.1)
No 1,007 (53.9) 464 (55.0) 543 (52.9)
Residential zoning area 0.227
Residential zone 1,679 (92.0) 752 (91.3) 927 (92.6)
Urban in non-residential zone 43 (1.9) 18 (1.8) 25 (1.9)
Rural in non-residential zone 141 (6.1) 70 (6.9) 71 (5.5)

Continuous variables are presented as weighted mean ± weighted standard error, and categorical variables are presented as unweighted frequency (number) and weighted percentage (%).

PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5.

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.001.

Biomed Sci Letters 2024;30:264-75 https://doi.org/10.15616/BSL.2024.30.4.264
© 2024 Biomed Sci Letters