Cancer is a serious disease with an increasing incidence worldwide (Giaquinto et al., 2022). According to the World Health Organization, approximately 18 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year, resulting in approximately nine million deaths (Frick et al., 2023). Cancer has emerged as a major health priority worldwide because of its high incidence and mortality rates (Ji et al., 2023). Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and poses a significant health threat (Baskar et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2023). Traditional cancer treatments include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. However, these methods have limitations (Baskar et al., 2012). Although surgical resection can completely remove tumors, it often fails to completely eradicate metastatic tumors (Elkaeed et al., 2021). Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the mainstays of breast cancer treatment, effectively killing cancer cells; however, they have side effects and drug resistance issues, potentially causing damage to healthy cells and triggering various adverse effects (Kim et al., 2020a; Nawara et al., 2021). Therefore, identifying safer and more effective anticancer agents is imperative.
The MCF7 cancer cell line was acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA). MCF7 cells were cultured in RPMI1640 (Welgene, Korea) and Dulbeccós Modified Eaglés medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Corning Cellgro, USA) and 1% antibiotics (Invitrogen). The cells were detached using Trypsin-EDTA (Sigma) and maintained at 37℃ in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Cancer cells were plated in six-well plates and treated with
MCF7 cells were seeded in 96-well culture plates at a density of 3 × 103 cells per well. After 24 h, cells were treated with ARE for an additional 24 h. Subsequently, the WST-1 plus cell proliferation assay reagent (GenDEPOT, TX, USA) was added to each well. The cell viability was assessed using an ELISA plate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm.
RNA extraction was conducted using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), following the manufacturers protocol. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed using a reverse transcription system (TOYOBO, Tokyo, Japan). PCR amplification was performed according to instructions provided in the Ex Taq manual (TaKaRa Bio, Kyoto, Japan). Real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Clontech Laboratories, Mountain View, CA, USA) on an ABI instrument (Applied Biosystems). β-actin was used for normalization of all results.
The data were presented as mean ± SEM for statistical evaluation. Student's
To observe the inhibitory effect of
In the present study, real-time PCR was used to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of
Inhibitory effects were observed at varying concentrations. As illustrated in Figs. 3, an increase in the concentration of
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of
In this study, significant inhibition of proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells was observed following treatment with
Further research is required to explore the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of
However, it is important to note the several limitations of this study, as it primarily investigated the anticancer effects of
First, this study exclusively examined the effects of
Second, this study only observed cell proliferation and survival after treatment with
Thirdly, the concentration of
Finally, it is necessary to explore the enhanced anticancer effects through synergistic effects with other compounds or drugs by combining
None.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.